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How to Troubleshoot Common Tech Issues & Device Problems

 How to Troubleshoot Common Tech Issues With Your Devices in 2026

Comic-style illustration of frustrated user surrounded by tech devices showing error messages like No Internet, App Crashed, and Low Battery
Tech chaos in action—here’s how to fix it fast



Table of Contents


 1 Understanding Tech Issues Before You Start
 2 The Power Cycle: Reset Your Ultimate First Defense
 3 Slow Performance and Freezing Computers
 4 Internet Connectivity and Network Troubles
 5 Software Crashes and Application Problems
 6 Hardware Device Failures and Peripheral Issues
 7 Smartphone and Mobile Device Troubleshooting
 8 Battery Drain and Power Management
 9 Printer Connection and Printing Failures
 10 Audio and Sound Device Problems
 11 Malware Virus Detection and Removal
 12 Blue Screen of Death and Critical Errors
 13 Advanced Diagnostic Techniques
 14 When to Seek Professional Help

1 Understanding Tech Issues Before You Start


Technology has become indispensable in our daily lives, yet devices remain prone to frustrating failures that can derail productivity and cause significant stress. The challenge lies not in the complexity of most problems but in knowing where to start your troubleshooting journey. Before diving into solutions, understanding the fundamental nature of your tech issues creates a strong foundation for effective problem-solving.

Most common tech issues fall into three primary categories: software-related problems, hardware malfunctions, and connectivity failures. Software issues typically involve operating system glitches, application crashes, or corrupted files. Hardware problems encompass physical device failures, power supply issues, and component degradation. Connectivity troubles manifest as network disruptions, peripheral recognition failures, or internet access problems.

The most important principle in troubleshooting is working methodically from the simplest solution to the most complex. This approach, known as systematic troubleshooting, saves time and prevents unnecessary escalation to professional repair services. Keep detailed notes about when problems occur, including the specific error messages that appear, and the actions taken immediately preceding the issue. This information proves invaluable when seeking technical support or attempting advanced diagnostics.

2 The Power Cycle: Reset Your Ultimate First Defense


The simple power cycle represents the most underestimated yet surprisingly effective troubleshooting technique. Industry statistics reveal that restarting devices resolves approximately forty-five percent of common technical issues without requiring additional intervention. This seemingly basic step clears temporary memory allocation errors, closes stuck processes, and resets system connections to peripheral devices and networks.

For computers experiencing general sluggishness or temporary glitches, initiate a standard restart through the operating system. Navigate to your system settings, select the restart option, and allow the device to complete a full shutdown and startup cycle. This differs from the more aggressive hard reboot, which forces immediate shutdown.

When a computer becomes unresponsive or frozen, employ a hard reboot by holding the power button for approximately thirty seconds until the device completely powers off. Immediately plug the system back in and power it on again. This process forcibly terminates all running processes and clears system memory, often resolving severe freezing or system lock-ups.

For smartphones and tablets, both Android and iOS devices respond well to force restarts. On Android devices, press and hold the power button and volume down button simultaneously for approximately ten seconds until you see the restart prompt. This action preserves all your data while completely refreshing the operating system. iPhones have varying restart procedures depending on the model, but generally involve quickly pressing and releasing the volume up button, then the volume down button, followed by holding the side button until the restart prompt appears.

Routers and modems benefit equally from power cycling. Unplug your router from the power source, wait approximately two minutes, then plug it back in. During this wait period, all stored configurations and temporary connection states are cleared, allowing the router to establish fresh connections to your internet service provider and connected devices.

3 Slow Performance and Freezing Computers


Sluggish computer performance and frequent freezing represent two of the most prevalent tech issues affecting users today. These problems manifest differently but often share common underlying causes, including excessive startup programs, insufficient storage space, outdated drivers, and compromised system files.

Identifying performance bottlenecks begins with checking resource usage through Task Manager on Windows or Activity Monitor on macOS. Open Task Manager by pressing Ctrl+Alt+Delete, then select the Performance tab to view CPU, memory, disk, and network utilization. Identifying which components are approaching maximum capacity reveals the performance constraint. If your disk usage consistently reaches ninety percent or higher, your computer cannot efficiently access virtual memory, causing significant slowdowns.

Startup programs consume system resources immediately upon boot, often without user awareness or consent. Many applications automatically configure themselves to launch at startup, gradually accumulating until your system spends minutes initializing before becoming usable. Navigate to Task Manager, select the Startup tab, and disable non-essential programs. Common culprits include software updaters, cloud storage services, and legacy applications you no longer actively use. Disabling unnecessary startup programs can reduce boot times from several minutes to under thirty seconds.

Disk cleanup removes temporary files, cache data, and redundant system files that accumulate over time. Search for Disk Cleanup in Windows, select your primary drive, and allow the system to scan for removable files. You'll see recommendations for categories like temporary internet files, recycle bin contents, and system temporary files. Safely delete these items, typically recovering several gigabytes of storage space.

Malware and bloatware represent insidious performance killers that users often overlook. Background processes running invisibly to most users consume processing power and bandwidth. Run a comprehensive antivirus scan using reputable software like Windows Defender, Malwarebytes, or Norton. Allow the scan to complete fully; quick scans often miss deeply embedded threats.

Outdated drivers prevent hardware components from communicating efficiently with the operating system. Graphics card drivers, chipset drivers, and network drivers particularly impact system performance. Visit your hardware manufacturers' websites directly to download the latest drivers, as automatic Windows Update sometimes misses critical updates. For graphics cards, NVIDIA and AMD provide dedicated driver download pages with the latest optimizations and bug fixes.

System Restore provides a straightforward method to address performance issues arising from recent software installations or system changes. This feature essentially reverts your computer to a previous functional state while preserving your personal files. Search for System Restore in Windows settings, select Create a Restore Point, and review available restore points from periods when your system performed satisfactorily. Initiating a restore to a point from several days prior often resolves performance degradation caused by conflicting software installations or corrupted system updates.

4 Internet Connectivity and Network Troubles

Flat illustration of a Wi-Fi router with error icon next to a computer screen showing manual DNS configuration using Google’s public IP addresses.
Manual DNS setup and router resets are key steps to resolving internet access problems.” Why it works: Concise, informative, and reinforces the image’s connection to the troubleshooting guide.



Modern life demands reliable internet connectivity, making network issues particularly frustrating. Network problems manifest in multiple ways, including complete disconnection, extremely slow speeds, inability to access specific websites, and intermittent connection dropping.

Begin with the most fundamental check: verify that your router displays active internet connection indicators. Most routers feature LED status lights indicating internet connection, wireless activity, and power status. If the internet light remains off or red, your router has lost its connection to your internet service provider. If wireless devices cannot detect your network despite the router appearing functional, restart the router by unplugging the power cable, waiting two minutes, then plugging it back in.

DNS server problems represent a common yet often overlooked connectivity issue. DNS translates website names into the numerical IP addresses your computer needs to connect. When DNS fails, you cannot access websites even though your internet connection appears active. Test this by attempting to access a website using its IP address directly; if this succeeds while normal website addresses fail, you have identified a DNS problem.

Resolve DNS issues by changing your DNS servers to publicly available options. Google offers free DNS servers at 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4, while Cloudflare provides 1.1.1.1 and 1.0.0.1. On Windows, access Network Settings, select your active connection, and edit the DNS settings manually. On macOS, open System Preferences, navigate to Network, select your connection, click Advanced, then modify DNS server addresses in the DNS tab. Mobile devices have similar settings in their Wi-Fi configuration sections.

Firewall and antivirus software sometimes aggressively block legitimate traffic. Test this by temporarily disabling your firewall and antivirus for approximately two minutes to determine if connectivity improves. If disabling security software restores internet access, you need to adjust those programs' settings rather than leave them disabled permanently, as this creates serious security vulnerabilities.

Check your IP address assignment on the connected device. Devices on a network should receive a unique IP address from your router through a process called DHCP. If your device shows an IP address starting with 169, this indicates DHCP assignment failed, and you need to manually renew the connection. On Windows, open Command Prompt as administrator and type ipconfig /release, then ipconfig /renew to force a new IP address assignment.

5 Software Crashes and Application Problems


Individual applications crashing represents one of the most common tech issues users encounter. These problems range from occasional freezing requiring a force quit to repeated crashes, making the software unusable. The underlying causes span from corrupted installation files to system incompatibility issues.

When an application freezes and becomes unresponsive, force-quit the frozen program without forcing a complete system restart. On Windows, press Ctrl+Alt+Delete to open Task Manager, locate the unresponsive application in the processes list, select it, and click End Task. On macOS, press Command+Option+Esc to open Force Quit Applications, select the frozen application, and click Force Quit.

If the same application crashes repeatedly, several solutions address common causes. First, ensure the application is fully updated to the latest version. Many crashes result from running outdated software that contains known bugs fixed in newer releases. Update through the application's built-in update feature or by downloading the latest installer from the publisher's official website.

Uninstalling and reinstalling the problematic application often resolves installation corruption. On Windows, navigate to Settings, select Apps, find the application in question, and select Uninstall. Download a fresh copy from the official source rather than relying on existing installation files, which may contain corrupted components.

Verify that your system meets the application's minimum requirements. Modern software increasingly demands significant hardware resources. If your computer lacks sufficient RAM or has inadequate free disk space, applications will crash or perform erratically. Check the application's system requirements against your actual hardware specifications.

Conflicting software causes many application crashes, particularly when multiple programs attempt to access the same hardware resources simultaneously. Disable background applications while troubleshooting to determine if specific programs conflict with each other. Use the Startup tab in Task Manager to identify resource-intensive background processes.


6 Hardware Device Failures and Peripheral Issues


Peripheral devices, including keyboards, mice, monitors, printers, and external drives, form the interface between you and your computer. When these devices malfunction, productivity can grind to a halt. Common peripheral failures stem from connection issues, outdated drivers, power problems, and component degradation.

The first troubleshooting step for any non-functioning peripheral involves checking physical connections. Inspect cables for visible damage, including cuts, crimps, or exposed wiring. Try different USB ports on your computer, as not all ports provide identical power and bandwidth. Avoid USB hubs for initial troubleshooting and connect directly to ports on the computer itself.

Update peripheral drivers through Device Manager. Right-click the Windows Start button, select Device Manager, locate your peripheral in the appropriate category, right-click it, and select Update Driver. Windows will automatically search for the latest driver. If automatic updating fails, visit the device manufacturer's support website to download drivers directly.

Powered peripherals like external hard drives and printers require stable power. Verify that power cables are firmly connected and that the outlet provides power by testing it with another device. Try different power outlets to rule out electrical circuit problems. For wireless peripherals, ensure they have an adequate battery charge and that Bluetooth or Wi-Fi connectivity is enabled on both the peripheral and your computer.

Reset non-responding peripherals by disconnecting them from power and from USB ports for approximately thirty seconds, then reconnecting. This process clears the device's internal state and forces Windows to rediscover and reinstall the driver.

7 Smartphone and Mobile Device Troubleshooting


Smartphones dominate modern computing, and their relatively fixed architectures mean most issues follow predictable patterns. Battery drain, sluggish performance, connectivity problems, and app crashes affect both Android and iOS devices similarly despite their different operating systems.

Force restart your smartphone to address freezing, unresponsiveness, or app crashes. Press and hold both the power button and volume down button simultaneously until the restart prompt appears. This preserves all your data while providing a fresh start for the operating system.

Smartphone performance degrades when storage nears capacity. Navigate to Settings, select Storage or Device Care, and review which apps and files consume the most space. Delete unused applications, clear app cache, and offload photos and videos to cloud storage. Freeing up at least ten percent of storage capacity noticeably improves responsiveness.

Software updates patch bugs causing app crashes and performance issues. Navigate to Settings, select System or About Device, and choose Software Update. Enable automatic updates when possible to ensure timely security patches and performance improvements. Avoid beta software versions during initial troubleshooting, as these contain unresolved bugs.

Outdated applications sometimes fail to function properly with newer operating systems. Update all applications through your device's app store, reviewing and installing available updates. If specific apps crash repeatedly after updates, check the app's reviews and support forums to determine if the issue is widespread or device-specific.

8 Battery Drain and Power Management


Battery drain affects smartphones and laptops equally, reducing productivity and frustration tolerance. Modern devices support increasingly power-hungry applications and features that can exhaust batteries faster than expected. Understanding power consumption and implementing optimization strategies extends battery life significantly.

On smartphones, enable Battery Saver or Power Saving mode, which restricts background app activity and reduces performance to conserve power. Most Android devices offer Extreme Battery Saver mode for even more aggressive power conservation during critical situations. These modes preserve essential functionality while dramatically extending remaining battery life.

Screen brightness represents the single largest power consumer on mobile devices. Manually set brightness to a level that remains visible while being as dim as possible, or enable adaptive brightness to allow the operating system to adjust brightness based on ambient light conditions. Switching to dark-themed wallpapers and system interfaces reduces power consumption on OLED screens, which only illuminate pixels actually displaying content.

Location services and connectivity features, including GPS, Bluetooth, and constant Wi-Fi searching, drain batteries even when not actively used. Disable location services when traveling or during periods when you don't need navigation. Turn off Bluetooth and Wi-Fi when not actively using them, or enable airplane mode when traveling long distances by vehicle or aircraft.

Background app refresh causes continuous power consumption as applications periodically update their content without user awareness. Navigate to Settings, select Apps or Background App Refresh, and disable this feature for applications that don't require constant updates. Messaging apps and critical communications tools should retain this permission, while news readers and weather apps can be disabled without significant impact.

For laptop computers, adjust power settings for maximum efficiency. Search for Power Settings in Windows, select Change Power Plan, and choose High Performance during active use or Power Saver during light browsing and document editing. You can create custom power plans that implement different settings for plugged-in versus battery operation.

Battery health degrades over time as chemical reactions within the battery gradually reduce its capacity. On Windows, generate a battery report by opening Command Prompt as administrator and typing powercfg /batteryreport. This creates an HTML file detailing your battery's current capacity relative to its designed capacity. If the current capacity drops below eighty percent of the design capacity, consider battery replacement.

9 Printer Connection and Printing Failures


Printer connectivity issues frequently frustrate users despite relatively straightforward solutions. These problems typically stem from connection problems, driver issues, or print queue corruption rather than hardware failure.

Restart your printer by turning it off, unplugging it from power for thirty seconds, then plugging it back in and turning it on. Allow the printer to complete initialization before attempting to print. This single step resolves the majority of temporary printer connectivity issues.

Verify cable connections for wired printers, ensuring the USB or Ethernet cable is firmly seated on both the printer and computer. For wireless printers, confirm that your printer is connected to the same network as your computer. Check your printer's display panel to verify the network name and signal strength. Printers experiencing weak wireless signals require repositioning closer to the Wi-Fi router or elimination of physical obstacles between the printer and router.

Update printer drivers through Device Manager or your printer manufacturer's website. Search for Device Manager in Windows settings, expand Printers, right-click your printer, and select Update Driver. Outdated drivers cause many printing problems and performance issues.

The print spooler service manages print jobs queued on your computer. When this service becomes corrupted or contains old jobs, new printing requests fail to process. Open Services by searching in Windows settings, locate Print Spooler, right-click it, and select Restart. Alternatively, use Command Prompt as administrator to stop and restart the spooler with commands: net stop spooler followed by net start spooler.

Clear stuck print jobs by navigating to your printer's web interface or accessing its settings from the printer's control panel. Most printers include a Clear All Jobs or Remove All Documents option. Clearing stuck jobs often restores functionality immediately.

Remove and reinstall your printer in Windows Settings to resolve persistent connection issues. Navigate to Settings, select Devices, Printers and Scanners, locate your printer, select it, and click Remove Device. After removal, restart your computer, then use Add Printer to rediscover and install your printer with fresh drivers.

10 Audio and Sound Device Problems


Audio device failures leave users unable to hear system sounds, video audio, or communications. These issues result from driver problems, disabled devices, misconfigured settings, or hardware failure. Systematic troubleshooting follows a predictable pattern to identify and resolve the underlying cause.

Verify that your speakers or headphones are powered on and properly connected. For wireless audio devices, ensure Bluetooth is enabled on your computer, and the speakers are discoverable. Check volume levels on both the device and in Windows Volume Mixer to confirm that nothing is muted or set to minimal volume. Windows Volume Mixer allows per-application volume control, and some apps may be individually muted while system audio appears functional.

Update audio drivers through Device Manager. Search for Device Manager, expand Sound, Video and Game Controllers, right-click your audio device, and select Update Driver. If the yellow exclamation mark appears next to your audio device in Device Manager, indicating a problem, uninstall the device and allow Windows to rediscover and reinstall it with default drivers.

Some installations leave audio devices disabled. Right-click the audio device in Device Manager and select Enable Device. Similarly, navigate to Sound Settings, scroll to Advanced Settings, and verify that the correct device is set as the Default Device for playback. Right-click any inactive devices and select Set as Default if needed.

Audio enhancements can sometimes cause compatibility issues. In Sound Settings, select Enhancements and verify that all enhancements are disabled or set to defaults. Audio effects, including surround sound simulation, bass boost, and equalizers, occasionally conflict with specific applications.

System Restore provides recovery when audio functionality has ceased after recent software installations or updates. Search for System Restore, create a restore point from a period when the audio functioned properly, and allow the system to restore to that previous state.

11 Malware Virus Detection and Removal


Malware and viruses represent serious security threats that degrade performance, steal personal information, and enable unauthorized access to your systems. Detection and removal require systematic approaches and reputable security tools. Also read - Evict Malware: Step-by-Step Removal for Safe PCs.

Prevention proves far more effective than removal. Avoid opening email attachments from unknown senders, disable suspicious software downloads, and maintain firewall protection. Use email providers with built-in malware scanning, enable automatic operating system updates, and educate yourself about phishing techniques.

If you suspect malware infection, disconnect your computer from the internet to limit the malware's ability to transmit data or receive additional payloads. Boot your computer in Safe Mode with Networking, which loads only essential system services and drivers. To access Safe Mode, restart your computer and press F8 or F2 repeatedly during startup. From the boot menu, select Safe Mode.

Run a comprehensive antivirus scan using reputable software. Download Malwarebytes, Windows Defender, or Norton in Safe Mode, ensuring you're obtaining the software from official channels. Allow full system scans to complete; quick scans often miss deeply embedded threats. The scanning process may require considerable time as the software examines each file on your drive.

Follow your antivirus software's recommendations regarding infected files. Most allow quarantining files in a safe location where they cannot execute while preserving the option to restore them if false positives occur. Delete files identified as serious threats, particularly ones your antivirus cannot disinfect.

After malware removal, change passwords for all critical accounts, including email, banking, and social media. If you suspect financial account compromise, contact your financial institutions directly through verified phone numbers or websites to report suspicious activity. Consider credit monitoring services if identity theft is suspected.

Keep your operating system fully updated, as many malware strains exploit known vulnerabilities. Enable Windows Update automatic installation and configure your applications for automatic updates as well.

12 Blue Screen of Death and Critical Errors

Flat illustration of a computer monitor showing a Windows BSOD error with sad face emoticon, memory management stop code, and progress bar
Critical stop errors like MEMORY_MANAGEMENT often point to RAM faults, driver conflicts, or system file corruption.




Blue Screen of Death, commonly abbreviated as BSOD or Stop Error, represents Windows' response to critical system-level failures. This screen provides valuable diagnostic information through specific error codes and faulty component identification. Resolving BSOD issues requires patience and systematic diagnostics.

Note the exact error code displayed on the blue screen. Common error codes include DRIVER_IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL, MEMORY_MANAGEMENT, KERNEL_MODE_EXCEPTION_NOT_HANDLED, and VIDEO_TDR_FAILURE. These codes provide specific clues about which hardware component or software is causing the crash.

Recent Windows or driver updates frequently cause BSOD errors. If the problem started immediately after applying updates, uninstall the problematic update by navigating to Settings, Update and Security, View Update History, and uninstall the specific update. If you cannot identify the exact update, boot into Safe Mode and use System Restore to revert to a previous system state known to work correctly.

Hardware issues frequently manifest as BSOD errors. Run the Windows Memory Diagnostic Tool to test your RAM for errors. Search for Memory Diagnostic in Windows settings, select Restart Now and Check for Problems, and allow the scan to complete. Similarly, run Check Disk to scan your hard drive for errors. Navigate to File Explorer, right-click your primary drive, select Properties, Tools tab, and click Check.

Outdated graphics card drivers cause numerous BSOD errors, particularly those related to video rendering or gaming. Visit NVIDIA's or AMD's website directly to download the absolute latest drivers, as Windows Update frequently lags behind the latest releases.

Update all drivers through Device Manager, paying particular attention to chipset drivers, storage controllers, and network adapters. Outdated drivers in these categories often cause system instability and blue screens.

Overheating and power supply failures cause intermittent or frequent BSOD errors. Monitor your computer's temperatures using HWMonitor or similar software. CPU temperatures should remain below eighty degrees Celsius under normal operation. Clean dust from computer vents using compressed air and ensure adequate ventilation around your computer.

13 Advanced Diagnostic Techniques


When standard troubleshooting fails, advanced diagnostic techniques identify subtle problems that casual inspection misses. These techniques require more technical knowledge but provide valuable insights into system problems.

Event Viewer maintains detailed logs of system errors, application crashes, and warnings. Search for Event Viewer in Windows settings, expand Windows Logs, and select System. Filter for Critical and Error events to identify patterns in system failures. Each event includes timestamps, error codes, and descriptions of the failure. Analyzing multiple errors often reveals common themes pointing toward specific hardware or software components.

WinDbg debugger analyzes crash dump files, which contain comprehensive information captured when the system crashes. Crash dumps are stored in the Minidump folder at C:\Windows\Minidump. WinDbg is a powerful tool requiring technical expertise, but it provides definitive identification of the faulty component or driver.

System File Checker scans system files for corruption and automatically attempts repairs. Open Command Prompt as administrator and type sfc /scannow. This process requires approximately fifteen minutes and must be completed fully. If system file corruption is detected, the tool automatically repairs affected files. Restart your computer after the scan completes.

Check Disk performs comprehensive hard drive diagnostics, identifying bad sectors and repairable errors. Open Command Prompt as administrator, type chkdsk C: /f, and press Enter. The system will schedule the scan for the next boot. After restarting, allow the scan to complete before logging in. This process may require thirty minutes or more, depending on drive size and the extent of problems found.

Device Manager detects hardware conflicts and identifies non-functional drivers. Devices with problems display yellow exclamation marks or appear with device codes indicating failures. Researching device codes reveals specific problems requiring targeted solutions.

Performance Monitor provides real-time and historical data on system resource utilization. Search for Performance Monitor in Windows settings. This tool graphs CPU usage, memory consumption, disk activity, and network utilization over time, revealing patterns in performance degradation.

14 When to Seek Professional Help


Despite extensive troubleshooting efforts, some problems require professional intervention. Recognizing when to escalate to professionals saves time and prevents further damage to valuable devices.

Seek professional repair when hardware components require physical replacement. This includes failed hard drives, malfunctioning RAM, broken screens, damaged charging ports, or power supply failures. Attempting to replace these components yourself risks further damage and voiding warranties.

Consult professionals if your troubleshooting consistently reaches dead ends despite trying multiple solutions. Professional technicians access diagnostic tools and expertise beyond standard user capabilities. They possess replacement parts for quick resolution and can perform data recovery if storage components have failed.

Consider professional help when malware or virus infections persist despite running reputable antivirus software. Complex malware sometimes requires manual removal techniques or forensic analysis to identify and eliminate completely. Professional security specialists can ensure complete infection removal.

If your device exhibits physical damage, water exposure, or appears to have hardware failures, a professional evaluation becomes necessary. Attempting repairs on water-damaged electronics risks electrical hazards and incomplete restoration. Professional technicians possess the proper equipment and parts to assess and repair physical damage safely.

Conclusion


Technology troubleshooting follows systematic approaches that progress from simple solutions to more complex diagnostics. Most common tech issues resolve through basic troubleshooting, including power cycles, driver updates, storage cleanup, and security scans. Understanding these techniques empowers users to maintain their devices' performance and prevent unnecessary professional service calls.

Keep meticulous records of problems, when they occur, and which solutions prove effective. This information accelerates future troubleshooting and assists professional technicians if issues escalate. Prioritize prevention through regular software updates, secure browsing habits, routine maintenance, including dust removal, and backing up critical data.

The troubleshooting mindset emphasizes patience, systematic approaches, and documentation. By following established troubleshooting procedures and understanding underlying technical principles, you can resolve the vast majority of common tech issues independently while knowing when professional expertise becomes necessary.

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Fix Laptop Issues Fast! Your Complete Troubleshooting Guide

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